Alkaloids

Alkaloids

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nomenclature

1.2 Occurrence and Distributionin Different Organ’s of Plant

1.3 Site of Formation ofAlkaloids in Plants

1.4 Function of Alkaloids inPlants

1.5 Isomerism

1.6 General Characteristics ofAlkaloids

1.6.1 Physical Characteristics

1.6.2 Chemical Characteristics

1.7 General Methods ofExtraction and Isolation of Alkaloids

1.7.1 Sample Preparation

1.7.2 Liberation of FreeAlkaloidal Base

1.7.3 Extraction of AlkaloidalBase

1.7.4 Purification of AlkaloidalExtract

1.7.5 Fractionation of Crude Alkaloids

2 CLASSIFICATIONOF ALKALOIDS

2.1 Alkaloids Derived fromAmination Reactions

2.1.1 Acetate-Derived Alkaloids

A. Coniine

B. γ-Coniceine

C. Conhydrine

D. N-Methylconiine

E. Pseudoconhydrine

2.1.2 Phenylalanine-DerivedAlkaloids

A. Ephedrine

B. Norpseudoephedrine

2.1.3 Terpenoid Alkaloids

A. Aconine

B. Aconitine

C. Capsaicin

2.1.4 Steroidal Alkaloids

A. Solanum Alkaloids

A.1 Solasodine

A.2 Tomatidine

A.3 Solanidine

B. Veratrum Alkaloids

B.1 Ceveratrum Alkaloids

B.1.1 Protoveratrines

B.1.2 Veratridine

B.1.3 Cevadine

B.1.4 Germine

B.2 Jeveratrum Alkaloids

B.2.1 Veratramine

B.2.2 Jervine

B.2.3 Pseudojervine

2.2 Alkaloids Derived from Anthranilic Acid

2.2.1 Quinazoline Alkaloids

A. Vasicine

B. Vasicinone

2.2.2 Quinoline Alkaloids

A. Quinine

B. Cinchonine

2.2.3 Acridine Alkaloids

A. Rutacridone

2.3 Alkaloids Derived from Histidine

2.3.1 Pilocarpine

2.3.2 Isopilocarpine

2.3.3 Isopilosine

2.4 Alkaloids Derived from Lysine

2.4.1 Piperidine Alkaloids

A. Coniine

B. Lobeline

C. Lobelanine

D. Lobelanidine

E. Piperine

2.4.2 Quinolizidine Alkaloids

A. Lupinine

B. Lupanine

C. Sparteine

2.4.3 Indolizidine Alkaloids

A. Castanospermine

B. Swainsonine

2.5 Alkaloids Derived from Nicotinic Acid

2.5.1 Pyridine Alkaloids

A. Nicotine

B. Anabasine

C. Niacin

2.6 AlkaloidsDerived from Ornithine

2.6.1 Pyrrolidine Alkaloids

A. Hygrine

B. Cuscohygrine

C. Stachydrine

2.6.2 Tropane Alkaloids

A. Atropine

B. Cocaine

C. Cinnamoyl Cocaine

D. Ecgonine

E. Hyoscyamine

2.6.3 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids

A. Retronecine

B. Senecionine

2.7 Alkaloids Derived from Tyrosine

2.7.1 Phenylethylamine Alkaloids

A. Ephedrine

B. Hordenine

C. Mescaline

D. Narceine

2.7.2 Simple Tetrahydro Isoquinoline Alkaloids

A. Anhalamine

B.Anhalonine

C. Anhalonidine

2.7.3 Modified Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids

A. Morphine

B. Codeine

C. Thebaine

D. Reticuline

E. Oripavine

F. Morphinone

2.8 Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan

2.8.1 Simple Indole Alkaloids

A. Serotonin

B. Psilocin

C.Psilocybin

2.8.2 Simple β-Carboline Alkaloids

A. Harman

B. Harmaline

C. Harmine

D. Elaeagnine

2.8.3 Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids

A. Ajmalicine

B. Akuammicine

C. Vindoline

D. Catharanthine

A. Yohimbine

B. Reserpine

C. Rescinnamine

D. Vinblastine

E. Vincristine

F. Strychnine

2.8.4 Quinoline Alkaloids

A. Quinine

B. Cinchonine

C. Quinidine

D. Cinchonidine

2.8.5 Pyrroloindole Alkaloids

Physostigmine

2.8.6 Ergot Alkaloids

A. Ergonovine

B. Ergotamine

C. Ergine

3.  ALKALOIDSIN TISSUE CULTURES

4. ALKALOIDSIN CHEMOSYSTEMATICS